026. Reworking one version of the American Dream

Figure 19. Michelle Kaufmann's mkSolaire house with a 'nutrition' label (see text).

Here's another little aside while I put together another post. To a small extent, I've been following the housing industry in the US over the past couple of years and one of the few names that come up in discussions of environmentally-aware construction is that of Michelle Kaufmann[1]. She's an architect based in Northern California and she aggressively pursued a plan to design and build high-quality, energy-efficient homes in a kind of modular framework. In the last five years her company realized some 40 single family homes in this style. Sadly, the economic downturn has forced some of her supplies to close and has made this aspect of her work unsustainable. In her own words, as published on her blog[2]:

“However, we have always known that to pull off our mission, it requires scale. We always believed it would be our company to do the scaling. We were well on our way to do so. However, in this current economic climate, scaling for a small company has proven to be difficult.”

A visit to her site makes clear her commitment and thoughtfulness to improving building quality. While there are not a lot of hard numbers on her site, last year she published a white paper[3] presenting the idea of what she called 'nutrition' labels for houses (similar to the European Union energy label[4]). Figure 19 above shows an example of this. With her dedication and her interest in this area, I'm certain she'll be forging ahead with her new projects.

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[1] Her website is here → Michelle Kaufmann Designs

[2] The blog post is here → The end of one dream and the beginning of another

[3] The PDF can be downloaded here → Nutrition Labels for Homes

[4] Wikipedia entry → European Union energy label

025. The land in May

Figure 18. A cat's view of the land from the street, looking towards the south.

I've been involved in several different tasks at the moment and haven't been able to spend much time on the house project. To let you all know that I'm still involved with the blog, here's a recent photograph of the land with the Bauprofile poles in the ground. They'll be removed the first week of June.

024. Solar radiation intensity over Switzerland and our region

Figure 15. Annual solar radiation over Switzerland.

Solar radiation is a major source of energy for our house. Here is an overview of how much energy is actually available to us from the sun. The map in figure 15 (pvgis-solar-optimum) shows the yearly sum of irradiation available to optimally inclined collectors in different parts of Switzerland. The high intensity regions in brown in the south are the Alps. Our house will be in the north near Zürich, in one of the least sunny areas of the country. But, there is still quite a bit of energy to be gained as can be seen in the graph in figure 16.

Figure 16. The monthly solar radiation measured at our reference weather station in Buchs, broken down by the cardinal directions. That drop in the intensity in the south in June is strange. Must look into that.
Figure 17. The average monthly temperature.

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Data and calculators covering most of Europe is available here → Photovoltaic Geographical Information System

023. Where our electricity comes from

Figure 14. Breakdown of the electricity sources in our locality.

As our plans currently stand we will be using electricity to cover the parts of our energy demand that are not met by either solar gain or the energy extracted from the environment via the heat pump.

In the locality where we're building the major share of the electricity supply is from nuclear power plants. About three-quarters of that is generated domestically while the remainder is purchased from abroad (most likely France). In the hydroelectric and renewable group, hydro actually accounts for most of it. Only about 0.01% of the total supply comes from sources such as wind, biomass and photovoltaic arrays.

About 2.7% of the supply comes from waste. There are facilities that incinerate garbage (Kehricht-verbrennungs-anlage = KVA, aka Müllverbrennungsanlage in Germany) and use the energy from the process to produce both electricity and also provide heat for direct use (Fernwärme which can be translated as district heat). One such facility in the region is in Turgi near Brugg and they serve a total of about 200,000 people. They generate 7.7 MW of electricity and 18 MW of thermal energy for the Fernwärme system. District heat could have been a possibility for our house[1]. The problem is that the connection costs are rather high.

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[1] Using district heat would lower our weighted energy demand to 33.2 kWh/(m²·a) from the 35.7 kWh/(m²·a) calculated → here

022. Approved

Figure 13. The stamp of approval.

A short update on what's been happening: Our building application has been approved by the local building commission. Now we get down to the real details.